![]() ![]() Refurbished products not purchased from will have a 90 day warranty period. Refurbished Products purchased from will have the lesser of a 1 year warranty period or the warranty period as stated above. Certain "end of life", sell out or discontinued Products may have a shorter Warranty Period this will be clearly marked at the time of purchase and the given Warranty Period will be stated at that time. Razer Rechargeable Batteries for Wireless DevicesĪll new Products will have the Warranty Periods listed above, subject to applicable local law. Razer Speaker Systems and Broadcaster Devices You are eligible for Limited Warranty support for the following periods of time commencing upon the date of retail purchase of your Product (Warranty Period). Please see our warranty policy for a complete review of our warranty policy. ![]() Do not switch off the device.Ĭlick "EXIT" once the update is complete. Wait for the Razer Naga V2 Hyperspeed to finish resetting. On Windows Bluetooth Settings, click on "Add Bluetooth or other device" then select your Razer Naga V2 Hyperspeed. The status indicator will briefly turn static blue once paired. Wait until the mouse pairs with your device. Press and hold button 12 on the thumb grid and the DPI stage up and down buttons simultaneously for three seconds.Īctivate Bluetooth on your device and select "Naga V2 HS" from the list of devices found. Push the Razer Naga V2 HyperSpeed's slider button to Bluetooth mode. Do not interrupt.Ĭlick "NEXT" once the update is complete. Wait until the update process is complete. The updater will close all running Razer applications.Ĭonnect the wireless USB dongle directly to the PC. Save any open documents on your computer.Ĭlick "Yes" if the User Account Control window pops up to proceed.Ĭlick "NEXT" to proceed. If using a laptop, ensure it is plugged into a wall outlet. Correct device DFU name show in CFU UI.Advanced Lift-off/Landing distance customization.Razer™ Mechanical Mouse Switches Gen-2 rated for 60 million clicks On-The-Fly Sensitivity Adjustment (Default stages: 400/800/1600/3200/6400)Įrgonomic right-handed design with textured side-grips Up to 750 inches per second (IPS) / 50 G acceleration Razer™ Focus Pro 30K Optical Sensor with 99.8% resolution accuracy *The DPI stages are 400, 800, 1600 (default), 3200, and 6400 and can be customized using Razer Synapse. Razer™ HyperSpeed Wireless (2.4 GHz) mode.To learn how to add or remove an effect, refer to How to add lighting effects on Razer Synapse 3 Chroma Studio and How to remove Chroma effects on Razer Synapse 3, respectively. Effect settings – This column shows numerous settings for the lighting effects such as color, speed, and more.įor more information, refer to Chroma Studio’s Online Master Guide. ![]()
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![]() ![]() "There's no way there could be a flaw, and there's no way I just happened to discover the flaw on my walk home."Īnd yet, his inner voice refused to pipe down. "Like everyone else, I assumed that the lottery was unbreakable," he says. Srivastava had been hooked by a different sort of lure-that spooky voice, whispering to him about a flaw in the game. Ticket designers fill the cards with near-misses (two-in-a-row matchups instead of the necessary three) and players spend tantalizing seconds looking for their win. Instead of just scratching off the latex and immediately discovering a loser, players have to spend time matching up the revealed numbers with the boards. Although extended-play games-sometimes referred to as baited hooks-tend to look like miniature spreadsheets, they've proven extremely popular with consumers. One important strategy involves the use of what lottery designers call extended play. As a result, many state lotteries have redesigned their tickets. ![]() But in the past two decades the competition for the gambling dollar has dramatically increased. There was a time when scratch games all but sold themselves. (In a 2006 survey, 30 percent of people without a high school degree said that playing the lottery was a wealth-building strategy.) On average, households that make less than $12,400 a year spend 5 percent of their income on lotteries-a source of hope for just a few bucks a throw. ![]() These high-frequency players tend to be poor and uneducated, which is why critics refer to lotteries as a regressive tax. While approximately half of Americans buy at least one lottery ticket at some point, the vast majority of tickets are purchased by about 20 percent of the population. (Forty-three states and every Canadian province currently run lotteries.) In some states, the lottery accounts for more than 5 percent of education funding. Since 1964, when New Hampshire introduced the first modern state lottery, governments have come to rely on gaming revenue. In the 18th and 19th centuries, lotteries funded the expansion of Harvard and Yale and allowed the construction of railroads across the continent. These tickets have a grand history: Lotteries were used to fund the American colonies and helped bankroll the young nation. The North American lottery system is a $70 billion-a-year business, an industry bigger than movie tickets, music, and porn combined. I can figure out how much gold is underground." ![]() If I know the forces, I can decipher the samples. There are fundamental geologic forces that created those numbers. "The numbers might seem random, as if the gold has just been scattered, but they're actually not random at all. "My job is to make sense of those results," he says. Each sample gives a different estimate of the amount of mineral underground. A typical assignment for Srivastava goes like this: A mining company has multiple samples from a potential gold mine. In fact, it reminded him a lot of his day job, which involves consulting for mining and oil companies. When he talks about a subject he's interested in-and he's interested in many things, from military encryption to freshwater fossils-his words start to run into each other.Īs a trained statistician with degrees from MIT and Stanford University, Srivastava was intrigued by the technical problem posed by the lottery ticket. He has a neatly trimmed beard and a messy office. Srivastava speaks quietly, with a slight stammer. "This is the smallest amount you can win, but I can't tell you how excited it made me," he says. Srivastava matched up each of his numbers with the digits on the boards, and much to his surprise, the ticket had a tic-tac-toe. If three of "Your Numbers" appeared on a board in a straight line, you'd won. The goal was to scrape off the latex and compare the numbers under it to the digits on the boards. On the left was a box headlined "Your Numbers," covered with a scratchable latex coating. Its design was straightforward: On the right were eight tic-tac-toe boards, dense with different numbers. The second ticket was a tic-tac-toe game. "I thought, 'This is exactly why I never play these dumb games.'" "The first was a loser, and I felt pretty smug," Srivastava says. He fished a coin out of a drawer and began scratching off the latex coating. The tickets were cheap scratchers-a gag gift from his squash partner-and Srivastava found himself wondering if any of them were winners. Mohan Srivastava, a geological statistician living in Toronto, was working in his office in June 2003, waiting for some files to download onto his computer, when he discovered a couple of old lottery tickets buried under some paper on his desk. ![]() ![]() In his own words, his mission was to show “how perfection can be reached through the crafting of the perfect Waifu,” with the ultimate goal of “bringing us the golden age of VR waifuism.” If these ideas sound a bit radical, it’s because they are. His idea was for Waifu Sex Simulator to give the user a chance to construct a sex scene based on their ideal image of love. He wanted to give the user a hand in creating their own unique experience. Unlike other MMD creators, Lewd Fraggy wasn’t satisfied with just creating videos for his fans to watch in VR. If you do not agree, click on the “I Disagree” button below and exit the Website. I acknowledge that the Website’s Terms-of-Service Agreement governs my use of the Website, and I have reviewed and agreed to be bound by those terms. ![]()
![]() In the early 1900s on a farm in La Porte, Indiana, Norwegian immigrant Belle Gunness poisoned her boyfriends with strychnine before feeding their remains to the hogs. ![]() Hazzard's practice of starvation resulted in the death of a visiting English heiress in 1911 and many others, including herself in 1938. In the state of Washington, Linda Burfield Hazzard, a quack doctor and a self-proclaimed "fasting specialist", believed she could heal her patients through diets and starvation. In New Orleans during the early 19th century, French socialite Delphine LaLaurie beat, tortured, and performed medical experiments on enslaved people in the basement of her mansion. In Romania during the 1920s and 1930s, Vera Renczi poisoned her husbands, lovers, and son with arsenic before placing their bodies in zinc-lined coffins in her wine cellar. Báthory, who became known as the "Blood Countess", was imprisoned in 1609. According to legend, Báthory murdered as many as 650 young women because she believed that bathing in their blood would preserve her youth. These three episodes were narrated by Marsha Crenshaw.Įlizabeth Báthory was a Hungarian noblewoman in the 16th century. Remorseful, she turned herself in to the police but was eventually acquitted because her husband did not die.Įach of the three original episodes covered cases of various groups of women who were united by the episode's central theme. In Australia, Annmarie Hughes attempted to murder her husband using poison she made from her potted plant. She was sentenced to life in prison without parole on March 27, 2001, and served her sentence at Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas. In 1996, at Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton, Massachusetts, nurse Kristen Gilbert injected poison into six of her patients, killing four of them. She was sentenced to death and executed by hanging on March 24, 1873. In the United Kingdom during the early 1870s, Mary Ann Cotton murdered 21 people by poison, including three of her husbands, her mother, a lover, a friend, and 12 children, 11 of whom were her own. Avoiding the death penalty because of her gender, she was sentenced to life in prison on May 17, 1955, and remained in prison until she died 10 years later, in 1965. She received the nickname "The Giggling Granny" because she seemed to giggle when she confessed to the murders. It covered four cases of women throughout history who committed murders using poison.īetween 19, Nannie Doss fatally poisoned four of her husbands, two of her kids, her mother, one of her mothers-in-law, and two of her grandsons. A 52-minute-long TV film narrated by Marsha Crenshaw served as the basic pilot to Deadly Women. ![]() ![]() If you would like to book flights to Orlando more flexibly many prefer to purchase one-way tickets with options to take different airlines. Book your travel arrangements with us today! So don’t leave it to the last minute to make your dream trip a reality: pack your bags with your go-to travel accessories, put together your list of must-see attractions and can’t-miss activities, and get ready to broaden your horizons – with Expedia, the wonders of Orlando are only a plane trip away. With so many affordable flights and so many wonderful adventures awaiting you, there’s no reason to put off booking a fantastic flight from RDU to MCO today. After all, enjoying the journey is part of the fun. There’s also bound to be plenty of opportunities to snap a few photos of the high life that will make your friends green with envy. So no matter whether your ideal itinerary involves flying one way, non-stop, or round trip, you’re bound to find flights that match your schedule on Expedia, and at prices that won’t shock your wallet.īagging a cheap flight from Raleigh to Orlando may mean more dollars to spend on for one-of-a-kind souvenirs when you arrive, but it doesn’t mean you have to skimp on your travel experience, as Expedia offers a sizzling selection of cheap airlines that’ll put you in your happy place on their planes, whether that’s getting lost in a hair-raising airport thriller, dreaming on the passing landscape over a glass of bubbly, or jotting down your vacation bucket list at 38,000 feet. ![]() Not only does exploring Orlando provide the chance to make some magical memories, dip into delectable dishes, and tour the local landmarks, but the cheap airfare means you won’t bust your budget. If you would like to book flights to Taipei more flexibly many prefer to purchase one-way tickets with options to take different airlines.Whether you’re looking for a grand adventure or just want to get away for a last-minute break, flights from Raleigh to Orlando offer the perfect respite. ![]() So don’t leave it to the last minute to make your dream trip a reality: pack your bags with your go-to travel accessories, put together your list of must-see attractions and can’t-miss activities, and get ready to broaden your horizons – with Expedia, the wonders of Taipei are only a plane trip away. With so many affordable flights and so many wonderful adventures awaiting you, there’s no reason to put off booking a fantastic flight from to today. Check the status of your United Airlines flight by searching by route or flight number. There’s also bound to be plenty of opportunities to snap a few photos of the high life that will make your friends green with envy. Please understand that a flight listed as 'Delayed' may, depending on the circumstances, depart 'On Time.' Unless our flight has been listed as 'cancelled' we suggest you always check-in for the original scheduled departure time of your flight. ![]() So no matter whether your ideal itinerary involves flying one way, non-stop, or round trip, you’re bound to find flights that match your schedule on Expedia, and at prices that won’t shock your wallet.īagging a cheap flight from Raleigh to Taipei may mean more dollars to spend on for one-of-a-kind souvenirs when you arrive, but it doesn’t mean you have to skimp on your travel experience, as Expedia offers a sizzling selection of cheap airlines that’ll put you in your happy place on their planes, whether that’s getting lost in a hair-raising airport thriller, dreaming on the passing landscape over a glass of bubbly, or jotting down your vacation bucket list at 38,000 feet. Not only does exploring Taipei provide the chance to make some magical memories, dip into delectable dishes, and tour the local landmarks, but the cheap airfare means you won’t bust your budget. Whether you’re looking for a grand adventure or just want to get away for a last-minute break, flights from Raleigh to Taipei offer the perfect respite. ![]() ![]() ![]() Residential subscribers can save up to $20 per month by bundling Spectrum TV Essentials with an eligible Spectrum Internet plan and home phone service. To sweeten the deal, Spectrum TV service offers enticing bundle deals for both residential and business customers. More than 65 HD TV Channels.On-Demand 80000 Channels Option. Additionally, the introduction of Cloud DVR allows users to record up to 50 shows for a small fee of $4.99 per month. Spectrum deals can be enhanced by adding premium channels such as Cinemax, HBO, Showtime, and more, at an extra cost. The Spectrum TV Essentials package not only offers 65+ HD channels but also provides access to over 85,000 on-demand titles, ensuring a wealth of entertainment options for subscribers. ![]() On the flip side, the service is exclusively available to existing Spectrum Internet customers, and the $24.99/month price is valid for the first 12 months when bundled with a Spectrum Internet plan. ![]() Pros of Spectrum TV Essentials include its budget-friendly pricing, 65+ channels in HD quality, extensive on-demand options, and the flexibility to stream without a cable box. Subscribers can customize their lineup by opting for premium channels at an additional cost, enhancing their viewing experience. Notable channels include AMC, BBC America, Food Network, MTV, Nickelodeon, and many more. The Spectrum TV Essentials channels list boasts 72 cable TV channels, ranging from general entertainment and movies to lifestyle, music, and education. The service allows users to break free from traditional cable boxes, offering a seamless streaming experience without the need for additional hardware. Priced affordably at $24.99 per month, the package includes 65+ HD channels covering entertainment, news, lifestyle, and children’s networks. Ultimately, it’s important to consider your specific needs and preferences when deciding on a TV package.Spectrum TV Essentials is a live TV-streaming plan tailored exclusively for existing Spectrum Internet and Spectrum Business Internet customers. However, compared to other live TV streaming services like fuboTV, YouTube TV, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, and Philo, Spectrum TV Choice may not provide the same level of value. While it may have fewer channels and less DVR storage, it can save you money on monthly fees. To wrap up, Spectrum TV Choice offers a more affordable alternative to the company’s cable TV plan, Spectrum Select. ![]() However, it comes at about half the price and saves you money on DVR fees. With Choice TV from Spectrum, you get approximately a third of the channels compared to other plans. How Many Channels Do You Get With Choice Tv? Please note that this package has limited DVR storage. It offers about a third of the channels compared to other packages but at a more affordable price. The lowest Spectrum TV package is Spectrum TV Choice. It’s best to consider alternatives like fuboTV, YouTube TV, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, and Philo for better value. It offers fewer channels and less DVR storage. Spectrum TV Choice may not be worth it compared to other live TV streaming services. TV Choice saves you money on monthly fees but provides a limited channel lineup. The difference between Spectrum TV Choice and Select is that TV Choice is about half the price of Select and offers fewer channels and DVR storage. Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions On What Is Included In Spectrum Tv Choice What Is The Difference Between Spectrum Tv Choice And Select? ![]() ![]() ![]() In 1934, the song "Rock and Roll" by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. Huey "Piano" Smith credits Cha Cha Hogan, a jump-blues shouter and comic in New Orleans, with popularizing the term in his 1950 song "My Walking Baby". It was used in 1940s recordings and reviews of what became known as " rhythm and blues" music aimed at a black audience. Blues singer Trixie Smith recorded "My Rocks Me with One Steady Roll" in 1922. “ Bosom of Abraham,” an African-American spiritual that was documented no later than 1867 (just after the Civil War), uses the phrase “rock my soul” frequently in a religious sense this song was later recorded by musicians from various genres, including various gospel musicians and groups (including The Jordanaires), Louis Armstrong (jazz/swing), Lonnie Donegan ( skiffle), and Elvis Presley (rock and roll/pop/country). Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became widely popular. A retired Welsh seaman named William Fender can be heard singing the phrase "rock and roll" when describing a sexual encounter in his performance of the traditional song " The Baffled Knight" to the folklorist James Madison Carpenter in the early 1930s, which he would have learned at sea in the 1800s the recording can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website. ![]() The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean, but by the early 20th century was used both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals and as a sexual analogy. The term is sometimes also used as synonymous with "rock music" and is defined as such in some dictionaries. ![]() The term "rock and roll" is defined by Greg Kot in Encyclopædia Britannica as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock music". Terminology Sign commemorating the role of Alan Freed and Cleveland, Ohio, in the origins of rock and roll Some people believe that the music had a positive influence on the civil rights movement, because both Black American and White American teenagers enjoyed it. It is often portrayed in movies, fan magazines, and on television. Rock and roll had a polarizing influence on lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. After the mid-1950s, electric bass guitars ("Fender bass") and drum kits became popular in classic rock. ![]() Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or more electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm) and a double bass (string bass). The beat is essentially a dance rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, almost always provided by a snare drum. These instruments were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. In the earliest rock and roll styles, either the piano or saxophone was typically the lead instrument. By the mid-1960s, rock and roll had developed into "the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known in many circles as rock and roll." For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition. Īccording to journalist Greg Kot, "rock and roll" refers to a style of popular music originating in the United States in the 1950s. While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954. It originated from African American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie-woogie, electric blues, gospel, jump blues, as well as country music. Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock-n-roll, rock 'n' roll, rock 'n roll or rock n' roll with both Rs usually capitalized) is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Late 1940s – early 1950s, Southern United States For other uses, see Rock and roll (disambiguation). For the general rock music genre, see Rock music. This article is about the 1950s style of music. ![]() ![]() ![]() However, the podcast elicited a different reaction from Shirley's family. With more than 2 million views, Shirley's story touched the hearts of readers worldwide, sending them on a roller coaster of emotions as she made herself vulnerable to others. 'I somewhat unwillingly became representative of so much more than just my own personal experience.” 'I felt like it was a huge responsibility to be on the list and I felt that I had immediately become a figure,” Shirley said. The national reaction to this piece was so impactful that Shirley's story was named one of NBC's 2018 '13 moments in Asian America that moved us.” Whittaker wasn't alone in this sentiment. It's hard for so many people to be creative and thoughtful when they're going through something, and I was just really impressed.” 'It was so well written and from the heart. Shirley's former high school journalism adviser, Sara Whittaker, was one of many who fell in love with this piece. ![]() ![]() That really speaks to how special that story is.” 'Instead, it found everybody organically. 'I knew it had all the makings of a really great story and be a story that would get a lot of attention, (but) we thought we'd slowly build up recognition,” he said. 'And everyone's texting me about their drug trip.”įor Schroeder, the response's speed was more surprising than the popularity itself. 'It's like I created this thing that everyone is reacting very viscerally to, but I don't have that visceral reaction,” she said. Shocked, Shirley said the newfound sensation was like 'everyone was on the same drug.” It was shared by thousands nationwide, including prominent figures like Seth Meyers, Mindy Kaling and one of Shirley's personal favorites,. Shortly after airing, the story spread like wildfire. 15, Shirley was bombarded with numerous texts, emails and tweets all pertaining to one subject: her podcast. 'But I learned how to deal with uncertainty throughout my dad's sickness, so it was just dealing with things day by day.” 'At times, I felt paralyzed, and it was hard to figure things out,” Shirley said. Though the work was tedious and sometimes overwhelming to think about, Shirley persisted in telling her father's story with heart and ingenuity. 'It made me realize that damn, they had a lot of conversations, and I can definitely go to (Barkley) and ask him things later.”įor several more months, Shirley continued to work with Schroeder and others to create the podcast. 'It was eerily similar to exactly what (my dad) would say,” Shirley said. This plan shattered, however, when Barkley made comments and gave advice that reflected how a father and daughter would converse. When Shirley eventually interviewed Barkley, she attempted to remain professional, intending to keep all conversation relevant to the story. The process really reflected the content.” 'You wouldn't know that while listening to the final project, it's very polished, but I thought, ‘Wow, everybody's really pitching in to make this work.' It's just a nice community feeling to a story that's already so much about community. 'We pulled it off because there were all these little quirks,” Schroeder said. Schroeder recalls his surprise that Shirley's cousin communicated with Barkley while Shirley was overseas, as she was concerned that the phone with his number would be lost in her travels. While traveling, Shirley decided to resume creating the podcast, communicating with Schroeder whenever she could. 'Of course, I was writing about my dad and always thinking of him, but taking what happened and putting it into an actual piece that is shared with everyone else. 'I was just not in a state of mind to do any kind of work like that for a really long time,” Shirley said. Lin's passing prompted Shirley to embark on travels around the globe - to Macau, Greece, anywhere to help distract from her grief and live a life of adventure. After pitching her podcast idea, Schroeder realized it would be perfect for sports segment 'Only A Game.” Inspired to continue the story on a larger scale, Shirley messaged Alex Schroeder, a digital producer for the station where Shirley interned in college, WBUR Boston. I remember just forgetting that it was a funeral.” She described his arrival, saying, 'It was shocking how tall and sweaty he was. It wasn't until Barkley appeared at her father's funeral last June that Shirley realized her father's importance to the celebrity. Lin described encounters with this mystery man anywhere from formal dinner events to graduation parties. ![]() Over the next few years, the Wang family became familiar with hearing about their relationship. When Lin returned to his Iowa City home from a business trip several years ago, he bore a strange anecdote: he had met and befriended NBA superstar Charles Barkley in a bar. ![]() ![]() Anyway, there are a few solutions though that I will go into below. Even the latest standalone version of Flash Player (a single executable file) has the killswitch inside of it, however it has not been activated as of yet. This killswitch has now made Flash Player unable to load Flash files entirely since January 12, 2021. There will still be a problem because apparently sometime back in May 2020, Flash Player has had a killswitch added to it. But let's pretend for a second that they're not going to stop loading Flash. Chrome has already removed Flash entirely. You may be wondering "What if I already have Flash installed?" Well, some browsers like Firefox are going to stop loading the plugin soon as well. Like I said, Adobe has discontinued support for it and is no longer offering any Flash Player downloads. (Remember when the subscribe button was yellow? Eh, now I'm just getting off-topic.) Anyways, the point is that most people have used Flash at some point in their Internet Life™ and are probably going to want to continue using it after it's gone. At one point in time, YouTube required Flash in order to play videos. Games, animations, even entire websites were made in Flash. ![]() SWF files have played a huge role throughout the entire internet. Neither of those platforms seemed to be as popular as Flash Player though. Some were Java Applet games, like the original Minecraft "Classic" version, and others were Shockwave games, like Ezone's Lenny Loosejocks in Space. I remember playing lots of browser games when I was growing up. That's just the way it goes when older technologies eventually get replaced with newer ones, like HTML5 in this case.īut Flash will not be forgotten, and it's not necessarily going to be "gone" or completely unusable, as I'll explain later on. It has also stopped working since January 12, 2021.īrowsers are soon going to be disabling the loading of it as well, and many, many sites will go down due to the lack of visitors. You heard right, the days of using Flash Player as you knew it are now over.Īdobe has pretty much ended support for it, and they are no longer allowing anyone to download and install it. Who knows, this thread might even turn up in search results and help someone who isn't even registered here. I know that this has been known for some time now (I think since 2017?), but I just felt like making this thread in case there are others here who are concerned about being unable to use Flash after December 31st, 2020. ![]() ![]() ![]() Yet in his Physics Aristotle characterizes physics or the "science of nature" as pertaining to magnitudes ( megethê), motion (or "process" or "gradual change" – kinêsis), and time ( chronon) ( Phys III.4 202b30–1). Physics of the former sort, so they claimed, emphasized the qualitative at the expense of the quantitative, neglected mathematics and its proper role in physics (particularly in the analysis of local motion), and relied on such suspect explanatory principles as final causes and "occult" essences. In claiming novelty for their doctrines, those natural philosophers who developed the "new science" of the seventeenth century frequently contrasted "Aristotelian" physics with their own. Aristotle's principles were difficult to disprove merely through casual everyday observation, but later development of the scientific method challenged his views with experiments and careful measurement, using increasingly advanced technology such as the telescope and vacuum pump. Contemporaries of Aristotle like Aristarchus rejected these principles in favor of heliocentrism, but their ideas were not widely accepted. While consistent with common human experience, Aristotle's principles were not based on controlled, quantitative experiments, so they do not describe our universe in the precise, quantitative way now expected of science. ![]() Methods A page from an 1837 edition of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle's Physica, a book addressing a variety of subjects including the philosophy of nature and topics now part of its modern-day namesake: physics. He did not conduct experiments in the modern sense, but relied on amassing data, observational procedures such as dissection, and making hypotheses about relationships between measurable quantities such as body size and lifespan. As regards living things, Aristotle's biology relied on observation of natural kinds, both the basic kinds and the groups to which these belonged. Aristotle argued that a vacuum could not exist as speeds would become infinite.Īristotle described four causes or explanations of change as seen on earth: the material, formal, efficient, and final causes of things. The speed of such motion depends on their weights and the density of the medium. Objects made of these elements have natural motions: those of earth and water tend to fall those of air and fire, to rise. The celestial spheres were made of a fifth element, an unchangeable aether. The terrestrial sphere was made of four elements, namely earth, air, fire, and water, subject to change and decay. Key concepts of Aristotelian physics include the structuring of the cosmos into concentric spheres, with the Earth at the centre and celestial spheres around it. It constitutes the foundation of the thought underlying many of his works. To Aristotle, 'physics' was a broad field including subjects which would now be called the philosophy of mind, sensory experience, memory, anatomy and biology. In his work Physics, Aristotle intended to establish general principles of change that govern all natural bodies, both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrial – including all motion (change with respect to place), quantitative change (change with respect to size or number), qualitative change, and substantial change (" coming to be" or "passing away" ). ![]() Although Democritus' theory was remarkable, it was rejected by Aristotle, one of the most influential philosophers of Ancient Greece and the atomic theory was ignored for nearly 2,000 years.Natural sciences as described by AristotleĪristotelian physics is the form of natural science or natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC). Therefore, changes in matter were a result of dissociations or combinations of the atoms as they moved throughout the void. In addition, Democritus believed that the atoms differed in size and shape, were in constant motion in a void, collided with each other and during these collisions, could rebound or stick together. Democritus, theorized that atoms were specific to the material which they composed. He called these small pieces of matter " atomos," the Greek word for indivisible. Democritus knew that if a stone was divided in half, the two halves would have essentially the same properties as the whole.Therefore, he reasoned that if the stone were to be continually cut into smaller and smaller pieces then at some point, there would be a piece which would be so small as to be indivisible. ![]() One of the first atomic theorists was Democritus, a Greek philosopher who lived in the fifth century BC. In this lesson, we will review the development of the atomic theory. Atomic Structure, Periodicity, and Matter: Development of the Atomic Theory ![]() |
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